web_server_idf.cpp

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#ifdef USE_ESP32
 
#include <algorithm>
#include <cstdarg>
#include <memory>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstring>
#include <cctype>
#include <cinttypes>
 
#include "esphome/core/application.h"
#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
#include "esphome/core/log.h"
 
#include <mbedtls/base64.h>
#include <freertos/FreeRTOS.h>
#include <freertos/task.h>
 
#include "utils.h"
#include "sse_chunk.h"
#include "web_server_idf.h"
 
#ifdef USE_WEBSERVER_AUTH_DIGEST
#include <esp_random.h>
#include <esp_rom_md5.h>
#endif
 
#ifdef USE_WEBSERVER_OTA
#include <multipart_parser.h>
#include "multipart.h"  // For parse_multipart_boundary and other utils
#endif
 
#ifdef USE_WEBSERVER
#include "esphome/components/web_server/web_server.h"
#include "esphome/components/web_server/list_entities.h"
#endif  // USE_WEBSERVER
 
// Include socket headers after Arduino headers to avoid IPADDR_NONE/INADDR_NONE macro conflicts
#include <cerrno>
#include <sys/socket.h>
 
namespace esphome::web_server_idf {
 
// Status strings not provided by esp_http_server.h
#ifndef HTTPD_401
#define HTTPD_401 "401 Unauthorized"
#endif
#ifndef HTTPD_409
#define HTTPD_409 "409 Conflict"
#endif
#ifndef HTTPD_422
#define HTTPD_422 "422 Unprocessable Entity"
#endif
 
#define CRLF_STR "\r\n"
#define CRLF_LEN (sizeof(CRLF_STR) - 1)
 
static const char *const TAG = "web_server_idf";
 
// Only prepare_json_() may hold the JSON arena: every other frame in this file is capped below one
// arena. Measured at -Os on GCC 14; newer toolchains stay checked on purpose, older ones skip it.
#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__) && __GNUC__ >= 14 && defined(__OPTIMIZE_SIZE__)
#pragma GCC diagnostic error "-Wstack-usage=2048"
#endif
 
// Chunk size for streaming request bodies; matches the Arduino AsyncWebServer buffer size.
// Buffers of this size must live on the heap - the httpd task stack is too small.
static constexpr size_t RECV_CHUNK_SIZE = 1460;
static constexpr size_t YIELD_INTERVAL_BYTES = 16 * 1024;  // Yield every 16KB to prevent watchdog
 
// Global instance to avoid guard variable (saves 8 bytes)
// This is initialized at program startup before any threads
namespace {
// NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-non-const-global-variables)
DefaultHeaders default_headers_instance;
}  // namespace
 
DefaultHeaders &DefaultHeaders::Instance() { return default_headers_instance; }
 
namespace {
// Non-blocking send function to prevent watchdog timeouts when TCP buffers are full
[[maybe_unused]] int nonblocking_send(httpd_handle_t hd, int sockfd, const char *buf, size_t buf_len, int flags) {
  if (buf == nullptr) {
    return HTTPD_SOCK_ERR_INVALID;
  }
 
  // Use MSG_DONTWAIT to prevent blocking when TCP send buffer is full
  int ret = send(sockfd, buf, buf_len, flags | MSG_DONTWAIT);
  if (ret < 0) {
    const int err = errno;
    if (err == EAGAIN || err == EWOULDBLOCK) {
      // Buffer full - retry later
      return HTTPD_SOCK_ERR_TIMEOUT;
    }
    // Real error
    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "send error: errno %d", err);
    return HTTPD_SOCK_ERR_FAIL;
  }
  return ret;
}
}  // namespace
 
void AsyncWebServer::safe_close_with_shutdown(httpd_handle_t hd, int sockfd) {
  // CRITICAL: Shut down receive BEFORE closing to prevent lwIP race conditions
  //
  // The race condition occurs because close() initiates lwIP teardown while
  // the TCP/IP thread can still receive packets, causing assertions when
  // recv_tcp() sees partially-torn-down state.
  //
  // By shutting down receive first, we tell lwIP to stop accepting new data BEFORE
  // the teardown begins, eliminating the race window. We only shutdown RD (not RDWR)
  // to allow the FIN packet to be sent cleanly during close().
  //
  // Note: This function may be called with an already-closed socket if the network
  // stack closed it. In that case, shutdown() will fail but close() is safe to call.
  //
  // See: https://github.com/esphome/esphome-webserver/issues/163
 
  // Attempt shutdown - ignore errors as socket may already be closed
  shutdown(sockfd, SHUT_RD);
 
  // Always close - safe even if socket is already closed by network stack
  close(sockfd);
}
 
void AsyncWebServer::end() {
  if (this->server_) {
    httpd_stop(this->server_);
    this->server_ = nullptr;
  }
}
 
void AsyncWebServer::begin() {
  if (this->server_) {
    this->end();
  }
  // Allow room for SerializationBuffer's 640-byte stack buffer and HTTP request handling.
  httpd_config_t config = HTTPD_DEFAULT_CONFIG();
  config.stack_size = 4512;
  config.server_port = this->port_;
  config.uri_match_fn = [](const char * /*unused*/, const char * /*unused*/, size_t /*unused*/) { return true; };
  // Always enable LRU purging to handle socket exhaustion gracefully.
  // When max sockets is reached, the oldest connection is closed to make room for new ones.
  // This prevents "httpd_accept_conn: error in accept (23)" errors.
  // See: https://github.com/esphome/esphome/issues/12464
  config.lru_purge_enable = true;
  // Use custom close function that shuts down before closing to prevent lwIP race conditions
  config.close_fn = AsyncWebServer::safe_close_with_shutdown;
  if (httpd_start(&this->server_, &config) == ESP_OK) {
    const httpd_uri_t handler_get = {
        .uri = "",
        .method = HTTP_GET,
        .handler = AsyncWebServer::request_handler,
        .user_ctx = this,
    };
    httpd_register_uri_handler(this->server_, &handler_get);
 
    const httpd_uri_t handler_post = {
        .uri = "",
        .method = HTTP_POST,
        .handler = AsyncWebServer::request_post_handler,
        .user_ctx = this,
    };
    httpd_register_uri_handler(this->server_, &handler_post);
 
    const httpd_uri_t handler_options = {
        .uri = "",
        .method = HTTP_OPTIONS,
        .handler = AsyncWebServer::request_handler,
        .user_ctx = this,
    };
    httpd_register_uri_handler(this->server_, &handler_options);
  }
}
 
esp_err_t AsyncWebServer::request_post_handler(httpd_req_t *r) {
  ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Enter AsyncWebServer::request_post_handler. uri=%s", r->uri);
  auto content_type = request_get_header(r, "Content-Type");
 
  if (!request_has_header(r, "Content-Length")) {
    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Content length is required for post: %s", r->uri);
    httpd_resp_send_err(r, HTTPD_411_LENGTH_REQUIRED, nullptr);
    return ESP_OK;
  }
 
  if (content_type.has_value()) {
    const char *content_type_char = content_type.value().c_str();
 
    // Check most common case first
    size_t content_type_len = strlen(content_type_char);
    if (strcasestr_n(content_type_char, content_type_len, "application/x-www-form-urlencoded") != nullptr) {
      // Normal form data - proceed with regular handling
#ifdef USE_WEBSERVER_OTA
    } else if (strcasestr_n(content_type_char, content_type_len, "multipart/form-data") != nullptr) {
      auto *server = static_cast<AsyncWebServer *>(r->user_ctx);
      return server->handle_multipart_upload_(r, content_type_char);
#endif
    } else {
      // Other content types (e.g. application/json) are delivered raw to a matching
      // custom handler via handleBody(), like the Arduino AsyncWebServer does
      auto *server = static_cast<AsyncWebServer *>(r->user_ctx);
      return server->handle_raw_body_(r, content_type_char);
    }
  }
 
  // Handle regular form data
  if (r->content_len > CONFIG_HTTPD_MAX_REQ_HDR_LEN) {
    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Request size is to big: %zu", r->content_len);
    httpd_resp_send_err(r, HTTPD_400_BAD_REQUEST, nullptr);
    return ESP_FAIL;
  }
 
  std::string post_query;
  if (r->content_len > 0) {
    post_query.resize(r->content_len);
    const int ret = httpd_req_recv(r, &post_query[0], r->content_len + 1);
    if (ret <= 0) {  // 0 return value indicates connection closed
      if (ret == HTTPD_SOCK_ERR_TIMEOUT) {
        httpd_resp_send_err(r, HTTPD_408_REQ_TIMEOUT, nullptr);
        return ESP_ERR_TIMEOUT;
      }
      httpd_resp_send_err(r, HTTPD_400_BAD_REQUEST, nullptr);
      return ESP_FAIL;
    }
  }
 
  AsyncWebServerRequest req(r, std::move(post_query));
  return static_cast<AsyncWebServer *>(r->user_ctx)->request_handler_(&req);
}
 
esp_err_t AsyncWebServer::request_handler(httpd_req_t *r) {
  ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Enter AsyncWebServer::request_handler. method=%u, uri=%s", r->method, r->uri);
  AsyncWebServerRequest req(r);
  return static_cast<AsyncWebServer *>(r->user_ctx)->request_handler_(&req);
}
 
esp_err_t AsyncWebServer::request_handler_(AsyncWebServerRequest *request) const {
  for (auto *handler : this->handlers_) {
    if (handler->canHandle(request)) {
      // At now process only basic requests.
      // OTA requires multipart request support and handleUpload for it
      handler->handleRequest(request);
      return ESP_OK;
    }
  }
  if (this->on_not_found_) {
    this->on_not_found_(request);
    return ESP_OK;
  }
  return ESP_ERR_NOT_FOUND;
}
 
esp_err_t AsyncWebServer::handle_raw_body_(httpd_req_t *r, const char *content_type) {
  AsyncWebServerRequest req(r);
  AsyncWebHandler *handler = nullptr;
  for (auto *h : this->handlers_) {
    if (h->canHandle(&req)) {
      handler = h;
      break;
    }
  }
 
  if (handler == nullptr) {
    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Unsupported content type for POST: %s", content_type);
    // fallback to get handler to support backward compatibility
    return this->request_handler_(&req);
  }
 
  const size_t total = r->content_len;
  if (total > 0) {
    auto buffer = std::make_unique_for_overwrite<char[]>(RECV_CHUNK_SIZE);
    size_t bytes_since_yield = 0;
 
    for (size_t index = 0; index < total;) {
      int recv_len = httpd_req_recv(r, buffer.get(), std::min(total - index, RECV_CHUNK_SIZE));
 
      if (recv_len <= 0) {
        httpd_resp_send_err(r, recv_len == HTTPD_SOCK_ERR_TIMEOUT ? HTTPD_408_REQ_TIMEOUT : HTTPD_400_BAD_REQUEST,
                            nullptr);
        return recv_len == HTTPD_SOCK_ERR_TIMEOUT ? ESP_ERR_TIMEOUT : ESP_FAIL;
      }
 
      handler->handleBody(&req, reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(buffer.get()), recv_len, index, total);
      index += recv_len;
      bytes_since_yield += recv_len;
 
      if (bytes_since_yield > YIELD_INTERVAL_BYTES) {
        vTaskDelay(1);
        bytes_since_yield = 0;
      }
    }
  }
 
  handler->handleRequest(&req);
  return ESP_OK;
}
 
AsyncWebServerRequest::~AsyncWebServerRequest() {
  delete this->rsp_;
  for (auto *param : this->params_) {
    delete param;  // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-owning-memory)
  }
}
 
bool AsyncWebServerRequest::hasHeader(const char *name) const { return request_has_header(*this, name); }
 
optional<std::string> AsyncWebServerRequest::get_header(const char *name) const {
  return request_get_header(*this, name);
}
 
StringRef AsyncWebServerRequest::url_to(std::span<char, URL_BUF_SIZE> buffer) const {
  const char *uri = this->req_->uri;
  const char *query_start = strchr(uri, '?');
  size_t uri_len = query_start ? static_cast<size_t>(query_start - uri) : strlen(uri);
  size_t copy_len = std::min(uri_len, URL_BUF_SIZE - 1);
  memcpy(buffer.data(), uri, copy_len);
  buffer[copy_len] = '\0';
  // Decode URL-encoded characters in-place (e.g., %20 -> space)
  size_t decoded_len = url_decode(buffer.data());
  return StringRef(buffer.data(), decoded_len);
}
 
void AsyncWebServerRequest::redirect(const std::string &url) {
  httpd_resp_set_status(*this, "302 Found");
  httpd_resp_set_hdr(*this, "Location", url.c_str());
  httpd_resp_set_hdr(*this, "Connection", "close");
  httpd_resp_send(*this, nullptr, 0);
}
 
void AsyncWebServerRequest::init_response_(AsyncWebServerResponse *rsp, int code, const char *content_type) {
  // Set status code - use constants for common codes, default to 500 for unknown codes
  const char *status;
  switch (code) {
    case 200:
      status = HTTPD_200;
      break;
    case 204:
      status = HTTPD_204;
      break;
    case 400:
      status = HTTPD_400;
      break;
    case 401:
      status = HTTPD_401;
      break;
    case 404:
      status = HTTPD_404;
      break;
    case 409:
      status = HTTPD_409;
      break;
    case 422:
      status = HTTPD_422;
      break;
    default:
      status = HTTPD_500;
      break;
  }
  httpd_resp_set_status(*this, status);
 
  if (content_type && *content_type) {
    httpd_resp_set_type(*this, content_type);
  }
  httpd_resp_set_hdr(*this, "Accept-Ranges", "none");
 
  for (const auto &header : DefaultHeaders::Instance().headers_) {
    httpd_resp_set_hdr(*this, header.name, header.value);
  }
 
  delete this->rsp_;
  this->rsp_ = rsp;
}
 
#ifdef USE_WEBSERVER_AUTH
 
#ifdef USE_WEBSERVER_AUTH_DIGEST
namespace {
 
// Extract the value of a Digest auth parameter (e.g. "nonce") from the comma-separated
// parameter list. Values may be quoted or bare. Returns an empty ref when the key is absent.
// Only whole parameter names match, so "nc" does not match inside "cnonce".
StringRef digest_param(StringRef params, const char *key) {
  size_t key_len = strlen(key);
  const char *base = params.c_str();
  size_t n = params.size();
  size_t i = 0;
  while (i < n) {
    while (i < n && (base[i] == ' ' || base[i] == ','))
      i++;
    size_t name_start = i;
    while (i < n && base[i] != '=' && base[i] != ',')
      i++;
    if (i >= n || base[i] == ',')
      continue;  // token without a '=', skip it
    size_t name_len = i - name_start;
    while (name_len > 0 && base[name_start + name_len - 1] == ' ')
      name_len--;
    i++;  // consume '='
    const char *val_start;
    size_t val_len;
    if (i < n && base[i] == '"') {
      i++;
      val_start = base + i;
      while (i < n && base[i] != '"')
        i++;
      val_len = (base + i) - val_start;
      if (i < n)
        i++;  // consume closing quote
    } else {
      val_start = base + i;
      while (i < n && base[i] != ',')
        i++;
      val_len = (base + i) - val_start;
    }
    if (name_len == key_len && memcmp(base + name_start, key, key_len) == 0)
      return StringRef(val_start, val_len);
    while (i < n && base[i] != ',')
      i++;
  }
  return StringRef();
}
 
// Verify an RFC 2617 Digest response. Stateless (the nonce we issued is not tracked), which
// matches the ESPAsyncWebServer backend used on the Arduino platforms.
bool check_digest_auth(const char *username, const char *password, const std::string &header, const char *method) {
  const size_t prefix_len = sizeof("Digest ") - 1;
  StringRef params(header.c_str() + prefix_len, header.size() - prefix_len);
 
  if (digest_param(params, "username") != username)
    return false;
 
  StringRef realm = digest_param(params, "realm");
  StringRef nonce = digest_param(params, "nonce");
  StringRef uri = digest_param(params, "uri");
  StringRef qop = digest_param(params, "qop");
  StringRef nc = digest_param(params, "nc");
  StringRef cnonce = digest_param(params, "cnonce");
  StringRef response = digest_param(params, "response");
  if (response.size() != 32)
    return false;
 
  // Compute the three MD5 hashes by streaming the pieces straight into the ROM MD5 engine, so
  // nothing is concatenated on the heap. Each hash is emitted as 32 lowercase hex characters.
  md5_context_t ctx;
  uint8_t digest[16];
 
  // HA1 = MD5(username:realm:password) -- uses the realm the client echoed back.
  char ha1[33];
  esp_rom_md5_init(&ctx);
  esp_rom_md5_update(&ctx, username, strlen(username));
  esp_rom_md5_update(&ctx, ":", 1);
  esp_rom_md5_update(&ctx, realm.c_str(), realm.size());
  esp_rom_md5_update(&ctx, ":", 1);
  esp_rom_md5_update(&ctx, password, strlen(password));
  esp_rom_md5_final(digest, &ctx);
  format_hex_to(ha1, digest, sizeof(digest));
 
  // HA2 = MD5(method:uri) -- uses the uri the client echoed back.
  char ha2[33];
  esp_rom_md5_init(&ctx);
  esp_rom_md5_update(&ctx, method, strlen(method));
  esp_rom_md5_update(&ctx, ":", 1);
  esp_rom_md5_update(&ctx, uri.c_str(), uri.size());
  esp_rom_md5_final(digest, &ctx);
  format_hex_to(ha2, digest, sizeof(digest));
 
  // expected = MD5(HA1:nonce:nc:cnonce:qop:HA2)
  char expected[33];
  esp_rom_md5_init(&ctx);
  esp_rom_md5_update(&ctx, ha1, 32);
  esp_rom_md5_update(&ctx, ":", 1);
  esp_rom_md5_update(&ctx, nonce.c_str(), nonce.size());
  esp_rom_md5_update(&ctx, ":", 1);
  esp_rom_md5_update(&ctx, nc.c_str(), nc.size());
  esp_rom_md5_update(&ctx, ":", 1);
  esp_rom_md5_update(&ctx, cnonce.c_str(), cnonce.size());
  esp_rom_md5_update(&ctx, ":", 1);
  esp_rom_md5_update(&ctx, qop.c_str(), qop.size());
  esp_rom_md5_update(&ctx, ":", 1);
  esp_rom_md5_update(&ctx, ha2, 32);
  esp_rom_md5_final(digest, &ctx);
  format_hex_to(expected, digest, sizeof(digest));
 
  // Constant-time comparison of the two 32-char hex digests.
  uint8_t result = 0;
  for (size_t i = 0; i < 32; i++)
    result |= static_cast<uint8_t>(expected[i] ^ response[i]);
  return result == 0;
}
 
}  // namespace
#endif  // USE_WEBSERVER_AUTH_DIGEST
 
bool AsyncWebServerRequest::authenticate(const char *username, const char *password) const {
  if (username == nullptr || password == nullptr || *username == 0) {
    return true;
  }
  auto auth = this->get_header("Authorization");
  if (!auth.has_value()) {
    return false;
  }
 
  auto *auth_str = auth.value().c_str();
 
#ifdef USE_WEBSERVER_AUTH_DIGEST
  // The build fixed the scheme to Digest, so the Basic path is compiled out entirely.
  const auto auth_prefix_len = sizeof("Digest ") - 1;
  if (strncmp("Digest ", auth_str, auth_prefix_len) != 0) {
    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Only Digest authorization supported");
    return false;
  }
  return check_digest_auth(username, password, auth.value(), http_method_str(this->method()));
#else
  const auto auth_prefix_len = sizeof("Basic ") - 1;
  if (strncmp("Basic ", auth_str, auth_prefix_len) != 0) {
    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Only Basic authorization supported");
    return false;
  }
 
  // Build user:pass in stack buffer to avoid heap allocation
  constexpr size_t max_user_info_len = 256;
  char user_info[max_user_info_len];
  size_t user_len = strlen(username);
  size_t pass_len = strlen(password);
  size_t user_info_len = user_len + 1 + pass_len;
 
  if (user_info_len >= max_user_info_len) {
    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Credentials too long for authentication");
    return false;
  }
 
  memcpy(user_info, username, user_len);
  user_info[user_len] = ':';
  memcpy(user_info + user_len + 1, password, pass_len);
  user_info[user_info_len] = '\0';
 
  // Base64 output size is ceil(input_len * 4/3) + 1, with input bounded to 256 bytes
  // max output is ceil(256 * 4/3) + 1 = 343 bytes, use 350 for safety
  constexpr size_t max_digest_len = 350;
  char digest[max_digest_len];
  size_t out;
  // The buffer bound above makes failure unreachable; reject rather than
  // compare against an unwritten digest if that ever changes.
  if (mbedtls_base64_encode(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(digest), max_digest_len, &out,
                            reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(user_info), user_info_len) != 0) {
    return false;
  }
 
  // Constant-time comparison to avoid timing side channels.
  // No early return on length mismatch — the length difference is folded
  // into the accumulator so any mismatch is rejected.
  const char *provided = auth_str + auth_prefix_len;
  size_t digest_len = out;
  // Derive provided_len from the already-sized std::string rather than
  // rescanning with strlen (avoids attacker-controlled scan length).
  size_t provided_len = auth.value().size() - auth_prefix_len;
  // Use full-width XOR so any bit difference in the lengths is preserved
  // (uint8_t truncation would miss differences in higher bytes, e.g.
  // digest_len vs digest_len + 256).
  volatile size_t result = digest_len ^ provided_len;
  // Iterate over the expected digest length only — the full-width length
  // XOR above already rejects any length mismatch, and bounding the loop
  // prevents a long Authorization header from forcing extra work.
  for (size_t i = 0; i < digest_len; i++) {
    char provided_ch = (i < provided_len) ? provided[i] : 0;
    result |= static_cast<uint8_t>(digest[i] ^ provided_ch);
  }
  return result == 0;
#endif  // USE_WEBSERVER_AUTH_DIGEST
}
 
void AsyncWebServerRequest::requestAuthentication() const {
  httpd_resp_set_hdr(*this, "Connection", "keep-alive");
#ifdef USE_WEBSERVER_AUTH_DIGEST
  // Issue a fresh random nonce and opaque. The nonce is not stored, so this is stateless and
  // does not defend against replay -- its purpose is to keep the password off the wire.
  // The header value must stay alive until httpd_resp_send_err() below sends it, so the buffer
  // lives on this stack frame (httpd_resp_set_hdr stores the pointer, it does not copy).
  uint8_t random_bytes[16];
  char nonce[33];
  char opaque[33];
  char header[160];
  esp_fill_random(random_bytes, sizeof(random_bytes));
  format_hex_to(nonce, random_bytes, sizeof(random_bytes));
  esp_fill_random(random_bytes, sizeof(random_bytes));
  format_hex_to(opaque, random_bytes, sizeof(random_bytes));
  snprintf(header, sizeof(header), R"(Digest realm="Login Required", qop="auth", nonce="%s", opaque="%s")", nonce,
           opaque);
  httpd_resp_set_hdr(*this, "WWW-Authenticate", header);
#else
  httpd_resp_set_hdr(*this, "WWW-Authenticate", "Basic realm=\"Login Required\"");
#endif  // USE_WEBSERVER_AUTH_DIGEST
  httpd_resp_send_err(*this, HTTPD_401_UNAUTHORIZED, nullptr);
}
#endif  // USE_WEBSERVER_AUTH
 
AsyncWebParameter *AsyncWebServerRequest::getParam(const char *name) {
  // Check cache first - only successful lookups are cached
  for (auto *param : this->params_) {
    if (param->name() == name) {
      return param;
    }
  }
 
  // Look up value from query strings
  auto val = this->find_query_value_(name);
 
  // Don't cache misses to avoid wasting memory when handlers check for
  // optional parameters that don't exist in the request
  if (!val.has_value()) {
    return nullptr;
  }
 
  auto *param = new AsyncWebParameter(name, val.value());  // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-owning-memory)
  this->params_.push_back(param);
  return param;
}
 
template<typename Func>
static auto search_query_sources(httpd_req_t *req, const std::string &post_query, const char *name, Func func)
    -> decltype(func(nullptr, size_t{0}, name)) {
  if (!post_query.empty()) {
    auto result = func(post_query.c_str(), post_query.size(), name);
    if (result) {
      return result;
    }
  }
  // Use httpd API for query length, then access string directly from URI.
  // http_parser identifies components by offset/length without modifying the URI string.
  // This is the same pattern used by url_to().
  auto len = httpd_req_get_url_query_len(req);
  if (len == 0) {
    return {};
  }
  const char *query = strchr(req->uri, '?');
  if (query == nullptr) {
    return {};
  }
  query++;  // skip '?'
  return func(query, len, name);
}
 
optional<std::string> AsyncWebServerRequest::find_query_value_(const char *name) const {
  return search_query_sources(this->req_, this->post_query_, name,
                              [](const char *q, size_t len, const char *k) { return query_key_value(q, len, k); });
}
 
bool AsyncWebServerRequest::hasArg(const char *name) {
  return search_query_sources(this->req_, this->post_query_, name, query_has_key);
}
 
std::string AsyncWebServerRequest::arg(const char *name) {
  auto val = this->find_query_value_(name);
  if (val.has_value()) {
    return std::move(val.value());
  }
  return {};
}
 
void AsyncWebServerResponse::addHeader(const char *name, const char *value) {
  httpd_resp_set_hdr(*this->req_, name, value);
}
 
void AsyncResponseStream::print(float value) {
  // Use stack buffer to avoid temporary string allocation
  // Size: sign (1) + digits (10) + decimal (1) + precision (6) + exponent (5) + null (1) = 24, use 32 for safety
  char buf[32];
  int len = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%f", value);
  this->content_.append(buf, len);
}
 
void AsyncResponseStream::printf(const char *fmt, ...) {
  va_list args;
 
  va_start(args, fmt);
  const int length = vsnprintf(nullptr, 0, fmt, args);
  va_end(args);
 
  std::string str;
  str.resize(length);
 
  va_start(args, fmt);
  vsnprintf(&str[0], length + 1, fmt, args);
  va_end(args);
 
  this->print(str);
}
 
#ifdef USE_WEBSERVER
AsyncEventSource::~AsyncEventSource() {
  LockGuard guard{this->pending_mutex_};
  for (auto *vec : {&this->sessions_, &this->pending_sessions_}) {
    for (auto *ses : *vec) {
      delete ses;  // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-owning-memory)
    }
  }
}
 
void AsyncEventSource::handleRequest(AsyncWebServerRequest *request) {
  // Httpd task: set up the live httpd_req_t and park the session; main loop does the rest.
  // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-owning-memory,clang-analyzer-cplusplus.NewDeleteLeaks)
  auto *rsp = new AsyncEventSourceResponse(request, this, this->web_server_);
  {
    LockGuard guard{this->pending_mutex_};
    this->pending_sessions_.push_back(rsp);
    this->has_pending_sessions_.store(true, std::memory_order_release);
  }
  this->web_server_->enable_loop_soon_any_context();
}
 
// clang-analyzer traces a false-positive leak path from loop() through
// adopt_pending_sessions_main_loop_() into start_session_main_loop_() and
// finally ArduinoJson. Suppress along the entire in-our-code call chain.
// NOLINTBEGIN(clang-analyzer-cplusplus.NewDeleteLeaks)
bool AsyncEventSource::loop() {
  // Fast path: one atomic load per tick. Slow path is out-of-line on connect.
  if (this->has_pending_sessions_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
    this->adopt_pending_sessions_main_loop_();
  }
 
  // Clean up dead sessions safely
  // This follows the ESP-IDF pattern where free_ctx marks resources as dead
  // and the main loop handles the actual cleanup to avoid race conditions
  for (size_t i = 0; i < this->sessions_.size();) {
    auto *ses = this->sessions_[i];
    // If the session has a dead socket (marked by destroy callback)
    if (ses->safe_to_delete_()) {
      // destroy() already logged the close with the fd; don't double-log here.
      delete ses;  // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-owning-memory)
      // Remove by swapping with last element (O(1) removal, order doesn't matter for sessions)
      this->sessions_[i] = this->sessions_.back();
      this->sessions_.pop_back();
    } else {
      ses->loop();
      ++i;
    }
  }
  // A session still waiting for httpd to commit its context keeps the loop alive too
  return !this->sessions_.empty() || this->has_pending_sessions_.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
}
 
void AsyncEventSource::adopt_pending_sessions_main_loop_() {
  std::vector<AsyncEventSourceResponse *> incoming;
  {
    LockGuard guard{this->pending_mutex_};
    incoming.swap(this->pending_sessions_);
    this->has_pending_sessions_.store(false, std::memory_order_relaxed);
  }
  for (auto *rsp : incoming) {
    // Already disconnected? Drop it; skip session start on a dead session.
    if (rsp->safe_to_delete_()) {
      delete rsp;  // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-owning-memory)
      continue;
    }
    // httpd commits the session context only after the creating handler returns, so stay
    // pending until then; httpd_req_cleanup() always commits it or calls destroy()
    if (httpd_sess_get_ctx(rsp->hd_, rsp->fd_.load()) != rsp) {
      LockGuard guard{this->pending_mutex_};
      this->pending_sessions_.push_back(rsp);
      this->has_pending_sessions_.store(true, std::memory_order_release);
      continue;
    }
    this->sessions_.push_back(rsp);
    rsp->start_session_main_loop_();
  }
}
// NOLINTEND(clang-analyzer-cplusplus.NewDeleteLeaks)
 
void AsyncEventSource::try_send_nodefer(const char *message, size_t message_len, const char *event, uint32_t id,
                                        uint32_t reconnect) {
  for (auto *ses : this->sessions_) {
    if (ses->fd_.load() != 0) {  // Skip dead sessions
      ses->try_send_nodefer(message, message_len, event, id, reconnect);
    }
  }
}
 
void AsyncEventSource::deferrable_send_state(void *source, const char *event_type,
                                             message_generator_t *message_generator) {
  // Skip if no connected clients to avoid unnecessary processing
  if (this->empty())
    return;
  for (auto *ses : this->sessions_) {
    if (ses->fd_.load() != 0) {  // Skip dead sessions
      ses->deferrable_send_state(source, event_type, message_generator);
    }
  }
}
 
AsyncEventSourceResponse::AsyncEventSourceResponse(const AsyncWebServerRequest *request,
                                                   esphome::web_server_idf::AsyncEventSource *server,
                                                   esphome::web_server::WebServer *ws)
    : server_(server), web_server_(ws), entities_iterator_(ws, server) {
  // Httpd task only. start_session_main_loop_() sends the greeting and starts the iterator.
  httpd_req_t *req = *request;
 
  httpd_resp_set_status(req, HTTPD_200);
  httpd_resp_set_type(req, "text/event-stream");
  httpd_resp_set_hdr(req, "Cache-Control", "no-cache");
  httpd_resp_set_hdr(req, "Connection", "keep-alive");
 
  for (const auto &header : DefaultHeaders::Instance().headers_) {
    httpd_resp_set_hdr(req, header.name, header.value);
  }
 
  httpd_resp_send_chunk(req, CRLF_STR, CRLF_LEN);
 
  req->sess_ctx = this;
  req->free_ctx = AsyncEventSourceResponse::destroy;
 
  this->hd_ = req->handle;
  this->fd_.store(httpd_req_to_sockfd(req));
 
  // Use non-blocking send to prevent watchdog timeouts when TCP buffers are full
  httpd_sess_set_send_override(this->hd_, this->fd_.load(), nonblocking_send);
}
 
// NOLINTBEGIN(clang-analyzer-cplusplus.NewDeleteLeaks) false positive with ArduinoJson
void AsyncEventSourceResponse::start_session_main_loop_() {
  auto *ws = this->web_server_;
 
  // The tcp send buffer is empty on connect. A refusal is a closing session or a failed tail
  // allocation; nothing retries the greeting, so close and let the client reconnect.
  auto message = ws->get_config_json();
  if (!this->try_send_nodefer(message.c_str(), message.size(), "ping", millis(), 30000)) {
    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Config not sent to fd %d", this->fd_.load());
    this->request_close_();
    return;
  }
 
#ifdef USE_WEBSERVER_SORTING
  for (auto &group : ws->sorting_groups_) {
    json::JsonBuilder builder;
    JsonObject root = builder.root();
    root["name"] = group.second.name;
    root["sorting_weight"] = group.second.weight;
    message = builder.serialize();
 
    // a (very) large number of these should be able to be queued initially without defer
    // since the only thing in the send buffer at this point is the initial ping/config.
    // A refusal means the socket is full or closing; the remaining groups are not sent. The
    // session stays up on purpose: partial grouping beats a reconnect loop on a slow link.
    if (!this->try_send_nodefer(message.c_str(), message.size(), "sorting_group")) {
      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Sorting groups not sent to fd %d", this->fd_.load());
      break;
    }
  }
#endif
 
  this->entities_iterator_.begin(ws->include_internal_);
}
// NOLINTEND(clang-analyzer-cplusplus.NewDeleteLeaks)
 
void AsyncEventSourceResponse::destroy(void *ptr) {
  auto *rsp = static_cast<AsyncEventSourceResponse *>(ptr);
  int fd = rsp->fd_.exchange(0);  // Atomically get and clear fd
  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Event source connection closed (fd: %d)", fd);
  // Mark as dead - will be cleaned up in the main loop
  // Note: We don't delete or remove from set here to avoid race conditions
  // httpd will call our custom close_fn (safe_close_with_shutdown) which handles
  // shutdown() before close() to prevent lwIP race conditions
}
 
// helper for allowing only unique entries in the queue
void AsyncEventSourceResponse::deq_push_back_with_dedup_(void *source, message_generator_t *message_generator) {
  DeferredEvent item(source, message_generator);
 
  // Use range-based for loop instead of std::find_if to reduce template instantiation overhead and binary size
  for (auto &event : this->deferred_queue_) {
    if (event == item) {
      return;  // Already in queue, no need to update since items are equal
    }
  }
  this->deferred_queue_.push_back(item);
}
 
void AsyncEventSourceResponse::process_deferred_queue_() {
  if (this->close_requested_) {
    return;
  }
  while (!deferred_queue_.empty()) {
    DeferredEvent &de = deferred_queue_.front();
    if (this->send_json_(de.source_, de.message_generator_)) {
      if (this->close_requested_ || deferred_queue_.empty()) {
        return;
      }
      // O(n) but memory efficiency is more important than speed here which is why std::vector was chosen
      deferred_queue_.erase(deferred_queue_.begin());
    } else {
      break;
    }
  }
}
 
void AsyncEventSourceResponse::request_close_() {
  if (!this->close_requested_) {
    this->close_requested_ = true;
    this->deferred_queue_.clear();
    this->tail_.reset();
    this->tail_cap_ = 0;
    this->tail_len_ = 0;
    this->tail_sent_ = 0;
    this->next_close_attempt_ms_ = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
  }
 
  this->process_close_();
}
 
void AsyncEventSourceResponse::process_close_() {
  if (!this->close_requested_ || this->close_work_queued_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
    return;
  }
  const int fd = this->fd_.load();
  if (fd == 0) {
    return;
  }
 
  const uint32_t now = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
  if (static_cast<int32_t>(now - this->next_close_attempt_ms_) < 0) {
    return;
  }
 
  // Queue an identity-checked shutdown on the HTTPD task. The public
  // httpd_sess_trigger_close() queues only a reusable fd/session slot and can
  // therefore close a new client if the original peer disconnects meanwhile.
  this->close_work_queued_.store(true, std::memory_order_release);
  const esp_err_t err = httpd_queue_work(this->hd_, &AsyncEventSourceResponse::close_session_work, this);
  this->next_close_attempt_ms_ = now + (err == ESP_OK ? CLOSE_CONFIRM_INTERVAL_MS : CLOSE_RETRY_INTERVAL_MS);
  if (err == ESP_OK) {
    return;
  }
 
  this->close_work_queued_.store(false, std::memory_order_release);
  if (!this->close_retry_warning_logged_) {
    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Failed to queue EventSource close (%s); retrying", esp_err_to_name(err));
    this->close_retry_warning_logged_ = true;
  }
}
 
void AsyncEventSourceResponse::refresh_lru_() {
  // httpd only advances a session's LRU counter when a request arrives, and an event stream receives one
  // request ever, so the purge that frees a socket for a new client would evict the live streams first.
  // The HTTPD task owns the session table, so the refresh runs there.
  // A stalled stream is the socket the purge should take, and a zeroed fd has no session left to refresh.
  if (this->send_failure_started_ms_ != 0 || this->fd_.load() == 0)
    return;
  const uint32_t now = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
  if (now - this->last_lru_refresh_ms_ < LRU_REFRESH_INTERVAL_MS ||
      this->lru_work_queued_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
    return;
  }
  this->last_lru_refresh_ms_ = now;  // a full queue also waits for the next interval
  this->lru_work_queued_.store(true, std::memory_order_release);
  if (httpd_queue_work(this->hd_, &AsyncEventSourceResponse::refresh_lru_work, this) != ESP_OK) {
    this->lru_work_queued_.store(false, std::memory_order_release);
  }
}
 
void AsyncEventSourceResponse::refresh_lru_work(void *arg) {
  auto *response = static_cast<AsyncEventSourceResponse *>(arg);
  const int fd = response->fd_.load();
  if (response->owns_session_(fd)) {
    httpd_sess_update_lru_counter(response->hd_, fd);
  }
  // Release self only after the HTTPD-task callback has finished every access.
  response->lru_work_queued_.store(false, std::memory_order_release);
}
 
void AsyncEventSourceResponse::close_session_work(void *arg) {
  auto *response = static_cast<AsyncEventSourceResponse *>(arg);
  const int fd = response->fd_.load();
  if (response->owns_session_(fd)) {
    // The HTTPD task remains the session owner. Shutting the socket down makes
    // its next select/recv path delete the session and invoke destroy().
    shutdown(fd, SHUT_RDWR);
  }
 
  // Release self only after the HTTPD-task callback has finished every access.
  response->close_work_queued_.store(false, std::memory_order_release);
}
 
ssize_t AsyncEventSourceResponse::send_(struct iovec *iov, int iovcnt) {
  // httpd frees a session before closing its socket, so the fd may already be a new client's.
  // Treated as would-block; the stall timer ends a session that never becomes ours again.
  const int fd = this->fd_.load();
  if (!this->owns_session_(fd)) {
    return 0;
  }
  struct msghdr msg {};
  msg.msg_iov = iov;
  msg.msg_iovlen = iovcnt;
  const ssize_t sent = sendmsg(fd, &msg, MSG_DONTWAIT);
  if (sent >= 0) {
    return sent;
  }
  const int err = errno;
  if (err == EAGAIN || err == EWOULDBLOCK) {
    return 0;
  }
  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "send error: errno %d", err);
  this->request_close_();
  return -1;
}
 
void AsyncEventSourceResponse::drain_tail_() {
  if (this->sending_ || this->close_requested_ || this->tail_len_ == 0) {
    return;
  }
  SendGuard guard{*this};
 
  const size_t remaining = this->tail_len_ - this->tail_sent_;
  struct iovec iov = {this->tail_.get() + this->tail_sent_, remaining};
  const ssize_t sent = this->send_(&iov, 1);
  if (sent < 0) {
    return;
  }
  if (sent == 0) {
    // Socket buffer full, try again later
    // NOTE: Similar logic exists in web_server/web_server.cpp in DeferredUpdateEventSource::process_deferred_queue_().
    // The IDF path is intentionally time-based and closes through HTTPD to preserve session ownership.
    const uint32_t now = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
    if (this->send_failure_started_ms_ == 0) {
      this->send_failure_started_ms_ = now != 0 ? now : 1;  // Reserve zero for no stall.
    }
    if (static_cast<int32_t>(now - (this->send_failure_started_ms_ + SEND_STALL_TIMEOUT_MS)) >= 0) {
      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Closing stuck EventSource connection after %" PRIu32 " ms without send progress",
               now - this->send_failure_started_ms_);
      this->request_close_();
    }
    return;
  }
 
  this->send_failure_started_ms_ = 0;
  this->tail_sent_ += sent;
  if (this->tail_sent_ < this->tail_len_) {
    ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Partial send: %zd/%zu bytes (total: %u/%u)", sent, remaining, this->tail_sent_, this->tail_len_);
    return;
  }
  // Fully sent; the storage stays for the next stall
  this->tail_len_ = 0;
}
 
bool AsyncEventSourceResponse::reserve_tail_(size_t len) {
  if (this->tail_cap_ >= len) {
    return true;
  }
  if (len > TAIL_MAX_SIZE) {
    return false;
  }
  // Nothing is pending while the tail grows, so free the old block first. PREFER_INTERNAL keeps
  // the tail where plain new put it.
  this->tail_.reset();
  this->tail_ = RAMAllocator<uint8_t>(RAMAllocator<uint8_t>::PREFER_INTERNAL).make_unique_array_for_overwrite(len);
  this->tail_cap_ = this->tail_ ? len : 0;
  return this->tail_cap_ != 0;
}
 
bool AsyncEventSourceResponse::stash_chunk_(const char *prefix, size_t prefix_len, const char *message,
                                            size_t message_len, size_t total, size_t sent) {
  // A log event of nothing but line breaks is the largest chunk; reserve_tail_() must never
  // refuse it for size, only for memory
  static_assert(SSE_SEP_LEN * web_server::LOG_EVENT_MAX_LEN + PREFIX_BUF_SIZE + SSE_SUFFIX_LEN <= TAIL_MAX_SIZE,
                "the log cut in web_server.h must keep a worst case log event inside the tail ceiling");
  if (!this->reserve_tail_(total)) {
    if (sent != 0) {
      // Part of the chunk is on the wire, so the stream is broken and the client has to go
      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Cannot buffer a %zu byte chunk, closing", total);
      this->request_close_();
    } else {
      this->tail_alloc_failed_(total);  // nothing on the wire, the caller retries on the stall clock
    }
    return false;
  }
  uint8_t *dst = this->tail_.get();
  std::memcpy(dst, prefix, prefix_len);
  dst += prefix_len;
  for_each_chunk_piece(
      message, message_len,
      [](void *ctx, const char *piece, size_t len) {
        auto &out = *static_cast<uint8_t **>(ctx);
        std::memcpy(out, piece, len);
        out += len;
      },
      &dst);
  this->tail_len_ = total;
  this->tail_sent_ = sent;
  return true;
}
 
void AsyncEventSourceResponse::loop() {
  if (this->close_requested_) {
    this->process_close_();
    return;
  }
  this->refresh_lru_();
  drain_tail_();
  process_deferred_queue_();
  if (this->close_requested_)
    return;
  // One step per loop; refusals retry next pass
  this->entities_iterator_.try_advance(1);
}
 
#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__) && __GNUC__ >= 14 && defined(__OPTIMIZE_SIZE__)
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wstack-usage="  // the one frame that holds the JSON arena
#endif
AsyncEventSourceResponse::JsonPrepareResult AsyncEventSourceResponse::prepare_json_(void *source,
                                                                                    message_generator_t *generator,
                                                                                    char *buffer, size_t *size_out) {
  // Log lines emitted while the generator runs are dropped for this session: on the large path they would fill
  // tail_ before it is overwritten, and on the small path they would go out ahead of the event being built.
  SendGuard guard{*this};
  json::JsonArena<json::JSON_ARENA_SIZE> arena;
  json::JsonBuilder builder(&arena);
  generator(this->web_server_, source, builder);
  *size_out = builder.serialize_to(buffer, JSON_BUF_SIZE);
  if (*size_out < JSON_BUF_SIZE) {
    return JsonPrepareResult::JSON_PREPARE_RESULT_BUFFER;
  }
 
  char prefix[PREFIX_BUF_SIZE];
  const size_t prefix_len = build_chunk_prefix(prefix, sizeof(prefix), "state", 0, 0, true);
 
  // Nothing reaches the wire until the complete document and its framing are owned by the caller.
  size_t json_len = 0;
  size_t cap = std::max<size_t>(JSON_BUF_SIZE * 2, this->tail_cap_);
  for (;;) {
    if (!this->reserve_tail_(cap)) {
      *size_out = cap;
      return JsonPrepareResult::JSON_PREPARE_RESULT_NO_MEMORY;
    }
    const size_t room = cap - prefix_len - SSE_SUFFIX_LEN;
    json_len = builder.serialize_to(reinterpret_cast<char *>(this->tail_.get()) + prefix_len, room);
    if (json_len < room) {
      break;
    }
    if (cap >= TAIL_MAX_SIZE) {
      *size_out = room;
      return JsonPrepareResult::JSON_PREPARE_RESULT_TOO_LARGE;
    }
    cap = std::min<size_t>(cap * 2, TAIL_MAX_SIZE);
  }
 
  const size_t total = prefix_len + json_len + SSE_SUFFIX_LEN;
  write_chunk_header(prefix, total - CHUNK_HDR_LEN - CHUNK_END_LEN);
  uint8_t *dst = this->tail_.get();
  std::memcpy(dst, prefix, prefix_len);
  std::memcpy(dst + prefix_len + json_len, SSE_SUFFIX, SSE_SUFFIX_LEN);
  this->tail_len_ = total;
  this->tail_sent_ = 0;
  return JsonPrepareResult::JSON_PREPARE_RESULT_TAIL;
}
#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__) && __GNUC__ >= 14 && defined(__OPTIMIZE_SIZE__)
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
#endif
 
bool AsyncEventSourceResponse::send_json_(void *source, message_generator_t *generator) {
  if (!this->ready_to_send_()) {
    return false;
  }
  char buffer[JSON_BUF_SIZE];
  size_t size;
  const auto result = this->prepare_json_(source, generator, buffer, &size);
  switch (result) {
    case JsonPrepareResult::JSON_PREPARE_RESULT_BUFFER:
      return this->try_send_nodefer(buffer, size, "state");
    case JsonPrepareResult::JSON_PREPARE_RESULT_TAIL:
      this->drain_tail_();
      return true;
    case JsonPrepareResult::JSON_PREPARE_RESULT_NO_MEMORY: {
      SendGuard guard{*this};
      this->tail_alloc_failed_(size);
      return false;
    }
    case JsonPrepareResult::JSON_PREPARE_RESULT_TOO_LARGE: {
      SendGuard guard{*this};
      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "State event does not fit %zu bytes, dropped", size);
      this->tail_.reset();
      this->tail_cap_ = 0;
      this->send_failure_started_ms_ = 0;
      return true;
    }
  }
  return false;
}
 
void AsyncEventSourceResponse::tail_alloc_failed_(size_t cap) {
  // Same stall clock as a socket that stops draining, so a session cannot retry forever
  const uint32_t now = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
  if (this->send_failure_started_ms_ == 0) {
    this->send_failure_started_ms_ = now != 0 ? now : 1;  // Reserve zero for no stall.
    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "No memory for a %zu byte chunk", cap);
    return;
  }
  if (static_cast<int32_t>(now - (this->send_failure_started_ms_ + SEND_STALL_TIMEOUT_MS)) >= 0) {
    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Closing EventSource after %" PRIu32 " ms without memory", now - this->send_failure_started_ms_);
    this->request_close_();
  }
}
 
bool AsyncEventSourceResponse::ready_to_send_() {
  if (this->sending_ || this->fd_.load() == 0 || this->close_requested_) {
    return false;
  }
  drain_tail_();
  return !this->close_requested_ && this->tail_len_ == 0;
}
 
bool AsyncEventSourceResponse::try_send_nodefer(const char *message, size_t message_len, const char *event, uint32_t id,
                                                uint32_t reconnect) {
  if (!this->ready_to_send_()) {
    return false;
  }
  SendGuard guard{*this};
 
  // Everything after the prefix goes out straight from the caller's buffer
  char prefix[PREFIX_BUF_SIZE];
  const size_t prefix_len = build_chunk_prefix(prefix, sizeof(prefix), event, id, reconnect, message != nullptr);
  if (message == nullptr && prefix_len == CHUNK_HDR_LEN) {
    return true;  // Match ESPAsyncWebServer: nothing to send
  }
  if (prefix_len >= PREFIX_BUF_SIZE - 1) {
    // The appenders truncate silently, which would put a malformed event on the wire
    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Event name too long, dropped");
    return true;
  }
 
  // Gather list: the prefix, then the data lines and their separators from the message
  struct Gather {
    struct iovec iov[MAX_SEND_IOV];  // left uninitialized on purpose
    int iovcnt{1};
    size_t total{0};
    bool fits{true};
  } g;
  g.total = prefix_len;
  for_each_chunk_piece(
      message, message_len,
      [](void *ctx, const char *piece, size_t len) {
        auto &g = *static_cast<Gather *>(ctx);
        g.total += len;
        if (len == 0) {
          return;
        }
        if (g.iovcnt == MAX_SEND_IOV) {
          g.fits = false;
          return;
        }
        g.iov[g.iovcnt++] = {const_cast<char *>(piece), len};
      },
      &g);
  // The header and the terminator are not part of the chunk length
  write_chunk_header(prefix, g.total - CHUNK_HDR_LEN - CHUNK_END_LEN);
  g.iov[0] = {prefix, prefix_len};
 
  // A message with more lines than the list holds skips straight to the tail
  const ssize_t sent = g.fits ? this->send_(g.iov, g.iovcnt) : 0;
  if (sent < 0) {
    return false;
  }
  if (static_cast<size_t>(sent) == g.total) {
    this->send_failure_started_ms_ = 0;  // progress, whichever stall clock was running
    return true;
  }
  // The caller's buffers do not outlive this call, so keep the chunk and continue from loop()
  return this->stash_chunk_(prefix, prefix_len, message, message_len, g.total, sent);
}
 
void AsyncEventSourceResponse::deferrable_send_state(void *source, const char *event_type,
                                                     message_generator_t *message_generator) {
  // allow all json "details_all" to go through before publishing bare state events, this avoids unnamed entries showing
  // up in the web GUI and reduces event load during initial connect
  if (!this->entities_iterator_.completed() && 0 != strcmp(event_type, "state_detail_all"))
    return;
 
  if (source == nullptr)
    return;
  if (event_type == nullptr)
    return;
  if (message_generator == nullptr)
    return;
 
  if (0 != strcmp(event_type, "state_detail_all") && 0 != strcmp(event_type, "state")) {
    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Can't defer non-state event");
  }
 
  drain_tail_();
  process_deferred_queue_();
 
  if (this->close_requested_) {
    return;
  }
 
  if (this->tail_len_ != 0 || !deferred_queue_.empty()) {
    // outgoing event buffer or deferred queue still not empty which means downstream tcp send buffer full, no point
    // trying to send first
    deq_push_back_with_dedup_(source, message_generator);
  } else {
    // A send error closes the session and clears the queue; nothing is queued after that
    if (!this->send_json_(source, message_generator) && !this->close_requested_) {
      deq_push_back_with_dedup_(source, message_generator);
    }
  }
}
#endif
 
#ifdef USE_WEBSERVER_OTA
esp_err_t AsyncWebServer::handle_multipart_upload_(httpd_req_t *r, const char *content_type) {
  // Parse boundary and create reader
  const char *boundary_start;
  size_t boundary_len;
  if (!parse_multipart_boundary(content_type, &boundary_start, &boundary_len)) {
    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Failed to parse multipart boundary");
    httpd_resp_send_err(r, HTTPD_400_BAD_REQUEST, nullptr);
    return ESP_FAIL;
  }
 
  AsyncWebServerRequest req(r);
  AsyncWebHandler *handler = nullptr;
  for (auto *h : this->handlers_) {
    if (h->canHandle(&req)) {
      handler = h;
      break;
    }
  }
 
  if (!handler) {
    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "No handler found for OTA request");
    httpd_resp_send_err(r, HTTPD_404_NOT_FOUND, nullptr);
    return ESP_OK;
  }
 
  // Upload state
  std::string filename;
  size_t index = 0;
  // Create reader on heap to reduce stack usage
  auto reader = std::make_unique<MultipartReader>("--" + std::string(boundary_start, boundary_len));
 
  // Configure callbacks
  reader->set_data_callback([&](const uint8_t *data, size_t len) {
    if (!reader->has_file() || !len)
      return;
 
    if (filename.empty()) {
      filename = reader->get_current_part().filename;
      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Processing file: '%s'", filename.c_str());
      handler->handleUpload(&req, filename, 0, nullptr, 0, false);  // Start
    }
 
    handler->handleUpload(&req, filename, index, const_cast<uint8_t *>(data), len, false);
    index += len;
  });
 
  reader->set_part_complete_callback([&]() {
    if (index > 0) {
      handler->handleUpload(&req, filename, index, nullptr, 0, true);  // End
      filename.clear();
      index = 0;
    }
  });
 
  auto buffer = std::make_unique_for_overwrite<char[]>(RECV_CHUNK_SIZE);
  size_t bytes_since_yield = 0;
 
  for (size_t remaining = r->content_len; remaining > 0;) {
    int recv_len = httpd_req_recv(r, buffer.get(), std::min(remaining, RECV_CHUNK_SIZE));
 
    if (recv_len <= 0) {
      httpd_resp_send_err(r, recv_len == HTTPD_SOCK_ERR_TIMEOUT ? HTTPD_408_REQ_TIMEOUT : HTTPD_400_BAD_REQUEST,
                          nullptr);
      return recv_len == HTTPD_SOCK_ERR_TIMEOUT ? ESP_ERR_TIMEOUT : ESP_FAIL;
    }
 
    if (reader->parse(buffer.get(), recv_len) != static_cast<size_t>(recv_len)) {
      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Multipart parser error");
      httpd_resp_send_err(r, HTTPD_400_BAD_REQUEST, nullptr);
      return ESP_FAIL;
    }
 
    remaining -= recv_len;
    bytes_since_yield += recv_len;
 
    if (bytes_since_yield > YIELD_INTERVAL_BYTES) {
      vTaskDelay(1);
      bytes_since_yield = 0;
    }
  }
 
  handler->handleRequest(&req);
  return ESP_OK;
}
#endif  // USE_WEBSERVER_OTA
 
}  // namespace esphome::web_server_idf
 
#endif  // !defined(USE_ESP32)